بررسی سیاست های مواجهه با کم آبی : مقایسه ایران و ترکیه در حوزه سدسازی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد جامعه شناسی، گروه توسعه اقتصادی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 استادیار جامعه شناسی، ، گروه جامعه شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رفسنجان، کرمان، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران غرب، تهران، ایران.

4 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی

چکیده

کمبود منابع آب و پیامدهای ناشی از آن از چالش‌های اصلی توسعه پایدار در ایران و کشورهای همسایه است. سیاست‌های سدسازی به‌عنوان ابزار کلان مدیریت آب، آثار محیط‌زیستی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی گسترده‌ای به‌جا گذاشته‌اند و نیازمند تحلیل تطبیقی و انتقادی‌اند. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد سیاست‌پژوهی تطبیقی و روش کیفی، به تحلیل اسناد بالادستی و برنامه‌های توسعه ایران (۱۳۵۷ تا ۱۴۰۷) و سیاست‌های مدیریت آب ترکیه (۱۹۷۰ تا ۲۰۲۳) می‌پردازد. در ایران تا پایان برنامه سوم توسعه، گفتمان غالب «بهره‌بردارانه و کمی‌گرا» با تأکید بر رشد اقتصادی و توسعه کشاورزی بوده است؛ اما از برنامه چهارم به بعد، گفتمان «مدیریت پایدار منابع آب» با محوریت حفاظت محیط‌زیست و مشارکت ذی‌نفعان تقویت شده و در برنامه هفتم نشانه‌هایی از گذار به رویکردی بازارمحور و عقلانی مشاهده می‌شود. در ترکیه گفتمان «سدسازی برای توسعه منطقه‌ای» با هدف عدالت فضایی و رفع محرومیت جنوب شرق کشور شکل گرفت، اما اجرای الزامات محیط‌زیستی با چالش مواجه بود و پروژه‌های کلان آبی همچنان وجهه‌ای هژمونیک و ژئوپلیتیکی دارند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد تداوم سیاست‌های سدسازی بدون تعادل میان منافع اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیط‌زیستی، توسعه پایدار را تهدید می‌کند. پیشنهاد می‌شود با تقویت سازوکارهای قانونی و نظارتی و گسترش مشارکت ذی‌نفعان، حکمرانی آب در دو کشور با اصول توسعه پایدار هم‌راستا شود. این مطالعه با ترکیب تحلیل گفتمان و مضمون، نخستین ارزیابی تطبیقی سیاست‌های سدسازی ایران و ترکیه را ارائه می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Examining policies to deal with water scarcity: Comparing Iran and Türkiye in the field of dam construction

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadgh Salehi 1
  • Leila Bonyad 2
  • Parvaneh Rezaei-Rouzbahani 3
  • Zahra Khoramian 4
1 Professor of Sociology, Department of Economic Development, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Rafsanjan University, Kerman, Iran.
3 Department of Urban Planning , WT.C., Islamic Azad University , Tehran ,Iran
4 Phd Student
چکیده [English]

Water scarcity and its socio-environmental consequences pose a major challenge to sustainable development in Iran and neighboring countries. Dam construction, as a macro-level water management policy, has generated extensive environmental, social, and economic impacts and therefore requires critical and comparative analysis. This study adopts a comparative policy analysis approach and employs qualitative methods to examine upstream policy documents and national development plans in Iran (1979–2028) alongside water management policies in Turkey (1970–2023). Data related to Iran were analyzed using discourse analysis to identify dominant decision-making paradigms, while Turkey’s policies were examined through thematic analysis to capture prevailing policy orientations.

Findings indicate that in Iran, until the Third Development Plan, water governance was dominated by an exploitative and quantitatively oriented discourse emphasizing economic growth and agricultural expansion. From the Fourth Development Plan onward, greater attention was given to environmental protection, stakeholder participation, and sustainable water resource management. The Seventh Development Plan shows signs of a shift from interest-driven governance toward a more market-oriented and rationalized approach. In Turkey, dam construction policies have primarily been framed around water-based economic development, regional equity, and reducing underdevelopment in southeastern regions. However, weak enforcement of environmental regulations and the continued dominance of large-scale hydraulic projects suggest that dams remain influential geopolitical instruments.

The study concludes that dam construction policies must balance economic, social, and environmental objectives and be supported by broad stakeholder participation. Strengthening legal and supervisory frameworks in both countries is recommended to better align water governance with sustainability principles

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water policies
  • Dam construction
  • Sustainable development
  • Iran
  • Turkey

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جامعه و محیط زیست
دوره 2، شماره 7
دی 1404
صفحه 57-86

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